By Born Free | Born Free Foundation
Zambia Primate Project (ZPP), a Wildlife Rescue Program managed by Games Rangers International (GRI), has the mission to rescue, rehabilitate and release back to the wild orphaned and injured vervet monkeys and baboons that are victims of the illegal wildlife trade or injured due to human intervention. Born Free helped to establish this project back in 2009 and has been a long-term funder ever since.
Many primates that ZPP rescues are victims of the wildlife trade in Zambia. The mothers are taken for their meat, and their babies sold into the illegal pet trade. As the babies grow and develop sharp canine teeth, they are held captive using short, tight ropes tied around their waists, often tormented and harassed by people and village dogs. Over the years, ZPP team members have been involved in the rescue and release of hundreds of primates in Zambia. The survival rate of the primates released currently averages between 85% and 100% at 12 months post-release, making ZPP one of, if not the, most successful primate release projects in the world.
One of the contributing factors of this impressive survival rate is predator avoidance training that each release group receives as part of their rehabilitation as they are prepared to be returned to the wild. Rehabilitation does not only involve the medical or physical treatment of a rescued animal, but also active teaching so that these animals develop latent or lost skills necessary for independent survival in the wild. One of the vital skills for primate survival in the wild is appropriate responses to predators. Antipredator behaviour reduces the probability of an individual or its kin being killed. However, the pre-release troops at ZPP mostly comprise of orphans and victims of illegal pet trade. Many, if not all, of these primates have been isolated from predators, either partially or throughout their lifetime having been taken from their mothers and the wild at such a young age they did not have the opportunity to learn this behaviour. In general, antipredator behaviour must be functional when a predator is first encountered, however animals can improve their response with experience. It is for this reason that ZPP always conduct predator avoidance training as a key strategy in ensuring that their release troops have sufficient survival skills.
Predator avoidance training is conducted by presenting model snakes and leopards to the group pre-release while playing audio of appropriate alarm calls. As much as possible humans remain hidden during this training, but researchers are present in order to record how each individual responds. To present a leopard to the troops a fake leopard is hidden within some temporary bushes by the enclosure and then pulled out on a sled with a long wire with the team hidden at the far end of the enclosure, this is coupled with a playback of leopard call to intensify the experience. For the snake training a rubber snake is also pulled along the side of the enclosure on a long wire, again so that humans are not seen alongside the threat which could skew their response. The aim is that most individuals respond by retreating to the trees, utilising the smallest branches (upon which a leopard could not climb) while some of the adults exhibit protective behaviour and elicit alarm calls.
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By Dr. Liz Tyson | Director of Animal Welfare and Advocacy
By Born Free | Born Free Foundation
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