Protect lions in Namibia from retaliatory killings

Thanks to the continued support by GlobalGiving and the Kevin Richardson Foundation, we have been able to sustain the Lion Guard Programme, continue with our Lion Research & Monitoring, thereby enabling Conflict Mitigation.

1. Collaring Npl-28 (male): The NLT team, comprising of 3 Lion Guards, Conservancy Game Guard Gregorius Ndjitezeua and wildlife veterinarian, Dr Diethardt Rodenwoldt, joined us for 5 days to track and locate the groups that we had identified during our trips to this area in July & August. Two Lion Guards were deployed ahead of the Research team to gather updated information from the Grootberg Lodge Rhino trackers and the Conservancy Rhino Rangers, the latter having been stationed for 20-day patrols. The regular Grootberg Lodge Rhino Tracking activities take tourists into the same area frequented by the lions, providing NLT with reliable information on their whereabouts. A recent giraffe-kill had been located nearby, including fresh tracks of the group of 6-8 lions that we had identified in July, tracked in August but had not been able to attract to a calling-station; sightings are a major challenge, chiefly due to low prey-base numbers, forcing these arid-adapted carnivores to move vast distances most nights in search of sufficient food to sustain their energy levels. Once prey has been taken down, lions will typically remain close-by; this was the case, providing the NLT Research Team with the first promising collaring opportunity since the July expedition.

Midnight on 04 October, an adult male lion (Npl-28), approx. 6-7 yrs of age, appeared at the putrefied giraffe carcass. The immobilization went well, as priority a GPS-Satellite collar was fitted, morphological measurements, blood, hair, and faecal samples taken; he weighed in at 223.10 kgs. The reversal was administered, the lion walking off into the distance within 20-30 minutes. Soon thereafter, he re-appeared to continue feasting on the giraffe.                                                                                                                                                 

2. Collaring Npl-42 (female): The NLT Team moved camp and en route, fresh tracks of the group of 6-7 were found, followed closely by Npl-28. A calling station was set-up, attracting 6 sub-adults: no adult(s) present.

Group 1: one male + two females, Dob estimated April-October 2020 (ages 2-2.5 yrs);

Group 2: two males + one female, Dob estimated April-October 2019 (ages 3-3.5 yrs);

Their behaviour indicated that one or more adults were expected, but did not arrive at the scene. Due to their youth/size, we decided against fitting a collar, preparing to wait on an adult. Fitting collars to sub-adults in such remote areas runs the risk of strangulation should the individuals not be located as the neck circumference increases. One team set off to locate Npl-28 further north, whilst another team found a fresh zebra-kill at camp, successfully taken down by the group of 6 sub-adults accompanied by an adult female; closer observation indicated that she was lactating, with 4 small cubs safely hidden on the hillside. In principle, NLT does not immobilize lactating females, postponing collaring until the cubs are at least 12 months of age. Faced with the fact that at least one member of this group required a collar for monitoring purposes, we successfully collared the largest sub-adult female (Npl-42). A GPS-Satellite collar was fitted, morphological measurements, blood, hair, and faecal samples taken; she weighed in at 123.25 kgs. The reversal was administered, the lioness walking away steadily with her siblings within 20-30 minutes. She returned to feed from the zebra carcass. The collar uploads are scheduled to 2 hourly intervals; the NLT Research Team monitors the location of Npl-28 and 42 each morning and each evening. We shall continue to track and observe the groups, also mitigating human-wildlife conflict should it arise.     

3. Update on Collared Lion Movements:

Npl-33 (male), collared Spring 2021, and Npl-38 (female), collared in 2022 (by MEFT), are loosely associated, sharing a core-home range. One large cub accompanies Npl-38, born approx. January 2020.

Npl-34 (female) and Npl-35 (male) were collared in June 2022 by MEFT; they form part of a larger group, that have moved further west-and northwards since their collaring, in search of migrating prey base. Despite the good rains that fell earlier this year, most of the natural springs have dried up, forcing both herbivore and predator to extend their ranges. Lions move out of the protected Exclusive Wildife Zones onto communal farmland, causing conflict. GPS-Satellite collars that enable regular location fixes, form part of a number of mitigation systems offered to the farmers. 

4. Lion Guard Wages & Salary Support: the 12 Lion Guards form an integral part of the Kunene Lion Ranger Programme, initiated by the Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Tourism, in 2020; a number of NGO’S, including NLT, contribute to this innovative programme. At present most of the 49 Lion Rangers covering 11 Communal Conservancies, are involved in the first-ever North West Namibia Lion Population Survey, that commenced on 05 November and runs until 16 December. We are proud of our team that spend day and night braving the extreme summer elements, enabling reliable data collection. 

5.  Livestock Protection Bomas enable the Namibian Lion Trust to support conscientious farmers, specifically those who practice sound livestock management, with the means to protect their livestock whilst in the field. During the lengthy drought, these mobile bomas came in good stead as animals were forced to find the last graze & browse far from the homesteads. 2021 saw the start of the Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Tourism Boma-building programme, providing permanent Bomas for a number of households in so-called ‘conflict zones’. Due to the dramatic increase in the cost of fencing material, it is not possible to upgrade every farmer’s Boma, so there is still dire need for Boma-upgrades. Since the good rains fell earlier this year, domestic stock graze closer to the villages, many returning to safety before nightfall. 

6. World Lion Day 08 August 2022 celebrates the Namibian Lion Trust’s ‘FOR OUR FUTURE’

The Onguta ‘Lion Friendly’ Primary School sang and danced FOR LIONS, showing off their beautiful, hand-made lion-masks on World Lion Day 2022.  The Onguta Pre & Lower Primary School in the Ehiirovipuka Conservancy, forms part of the Ondao Mobile School system managed from Opuwo. The Namibian Lion Trust, kindly supported by AfriCat Namibia, AfriCat UK, Ms Lia Spitters of Stichting SPOTS, Netherlands, Avril Payment Solution, Namibia, Cowboys, Swakopmund and many others, are proud of the children and the Onguta Community’s pledge to Protect the Lions that roam their wilderness. 

The Marienhoehe Youth announced their hopes and plans on World Lion Day 2022: to address Crime, Alcohol & Drug Abuse and Teenage Pregnancy within their community, through encouraging sporting activities and a choir. They also aim to educate local farmers on co-existence with wildlife, especially lion and elephant. Their first project aims at finding a way to get mobile phone network to their area, to improve on the water shortage through more boreholes, as well as electricity supply.  Namibian Lion Trust endeavours to guide this group to reaching their goals.

Wildlife Club ‘clean-up’: Kamanjab, a tiny town close to Etosha NP western gate, once again needed a good ‘clean-up’! The Wildlife Club of Kamanjab Combined School, SaveMor Spar and Namibian Lion Trust got to work early Saturday, to commemorate World Lion Day. 105 bags of recyclables were collected in two hours by this enthusiastic group of Conservationists. Plans have been tabled to build refuse bins out of glass bottles and other recyclable materials, at strategic locations in the town; the school-going Youth are convinced that they will be able to educate the towns-folk to becoming a ‘recycling culture’, in the near future. Sincere thanks to SaveMor Spar and their innovative, dedicated managers Hannelie & Hugo Landsberg, for the scrumptious ‘hot-dogs’ & refreshments after the job was done; Plastic Packaging for the bin-bags & gloves, and everyone who joined us along the way! This is the start of good things to come…

Cultivating greater tolerance and appreciation of Namibia’s wildlife amongst the younger generation will determine what world we leave behind for the next generation, and what that generation we leave behind for the world…

We thank GlobalGiving & the Kevin Richardson Foundation for their tireless devotion to all things ‘wild’ – their enthusiastic support of Namibian Lion Trust keeps us ‘out there’, doing what we do best.                                                

Namibian Lion Trust Report April - July 2022: 

Thanks to the generous GlobalGiving donation and the Kevin Richardson Foundation, we have been able to continue with our Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation and Lion Research & Monitoring Programmes, most importantly supporting the dedicated Lion Guards in the field.

1. Monitoring male Lion, ID # Npl-27 + Lioness ID Npl-38: this includes the GPS-Satellite Collar & Satellite fees, Veterinary fees & drugs, food parcels, community support, foot & vehicle patrols, fuel & vehicle maintenance. Male lion ID Npl-27 was collared in August 2021.No incidents of livestock mortalities were reported until early June 2022, when Npl-27 rapidly moved northwards out of his home range, not to return; it was clear that his tenure had been replaced by another male. As a solitary male lion, he has since moved out of his known range onto communal & resettlement farmland, taking easy prey, i.e., donkeys and cows. At present, he remains solitary and threatened. Our Lion Guard Teams have increased patrols in the immediate area, in an attempt at mitigating lion-farmer conflict but the harsh terrain is challenging, and farmers are intolerant of more livestock losses after the extended drought.

June 18, the Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Tourism decided to return Npl-27 to his home range, in the hope that the relocation would allow him to settle down. Npl-27 was taken to another location, this territory already filled by Npl- 33 and his pride; two days later Npl-27 moved southwest. We continue to patrol and monitor his movement in the hope that he will soon join a group and settle down. 

Lioness, ID Npl-38, was collared in June 2022. Npl-38 was first observed in March 2021, in the company of resident male Npl-33, two small cubs, ca.3 months of age, and a sub-adult female, approx. 3 years of age. Due to the absence of other pride females that could take care of the cubs should unforeseen death occur during the immobilization, we decided against fitting a collar on Npl-38 until her cubs were at least one year old. Also, in the hope that other females may be observed as part of the same pride, providing the necessary support in such a case. We returned to the area in June 2022, to find that only one of the cubs, a male, had survived; thus, collaring the lioness at that point would have been a great risk to the survival of the single cub. Observations of the sub-adult female indicated that her neck-size was too small to fit a GPS-Satellite collar. June 2022, with the assistance of the Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Tourism, the said female, ID Npl-38, was successfully collared. The small pride, including the male, Npl-33, her 18-month-old male cub (who miraculously survived his first year during the worst stage of the 9-year drought) and the young adult female, remain in this Exclusive Wildlife Zone, with the occasional forage onto adjacent communal farmland. 

2. Supporting 10 Lion Guard Wages & Food Parcels: our dedicated teams spend most days & nights in the field, patrolling & monitoring lions, mitigating conflict between lion and livestock farmer, also searching for signs of bush-meat poaching, snares, and poisoned wildlife.

2.1. Kanisius Kenahama: “My work with the Namibian Lion Trust allows me to Live my passion for nature and to STOP the killing of lions”. Kanu, as we all know him, is a registered Tour Guide, also an accredited Hunting Guide, with 15 years’ experience as a tracker. His knowledge of animal behaviour and his ability to identify the known lions is crucial to locating them when on fi eld trips with his team. His loyalty to the Trust is sincerely appreciated. During the Lion Ranger Training, Kanu shows compassion for the farmers’ plight but is steadfast in his belief that the lion should enjoy greater protection from retaliation, supporting stricter Law Enforcement. He has two young children, also taking care of his elderly parents. 

2.2. Barman Guim: Barman Guim’s love for the elusive Black Rhino that survives in this inhospitable, semi-arid area, is luckily shared with the few lions that are also found in this wilderness. This treacherous yet unique landscape is Barman’s ‘backyard’, his instinctive knowledge invaluable when monitoring lions. Barman & his wife Marianna, farm on communal land, their children almost done with school take every opportunity to join on patrols, gaining experience from their father. 

3. Patrols into Exclusive Wildlife Zones (EWZ): to establish lion presence & body condition, prey base numbers, food and water availability. The NLT collaring team, accompanied by MEFT Wardens & Dr Mike Thorne, a Zimbabwean national with more than 30 years’ experience as a wildlife veterinarian, recently spent ten days in the Exclusive Wildlife Zones (EWZ). Our aim was to locate resident lions that had ‘disappeared’ towards the end of 2021. Due to the extensive drought, these areas were devoid of graze & browse, despite some perennial springs providing water for smaller mammals and birds. Insufficient food forced the surviving herbivores to migrate elsewhere, with no trace of the resident spotted hyaena, lion and other predators. June 2021, one of the resident collared lionesses, Npl-30, had shifted her range out of the EWZ primarily due to lack of natural prey, intermittently moving into the neighbouring conservancy, where she was poisoned in January 2022. As we have no further information on the remaining known groups and individuals, we set out to search for any sign and to attempt collaring any male or female lion found so as to re-establish our monitoring programme in this area. Two small groups of lions were found, one group comprising a mature male and female with approx. 3 sub-adults; the other group of two adult females and 3-4 sub-adults were only seen on trail-camera footage. Both groups were extremely skittish, moving out of the immediate area as soon as we arrived. Bait stations & trail cameras have been set up in order to improve on our knowledge of the pride composition & age-groups, in the hope of collaring at least one in each group. 

4. Lion Ranger Programme, which includes the Namibian Lion Trust Lion Guards, was established in 2020. Candidates were selected from 9 Conservancies where lions are resident or move through as migrants. This programme was initiated by the Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Tourism (MEFT), inviting the lion-orientated NGO’s present in the Kunene Region to join forces, aimed at providing more ‘boots-on-the-ground’ in these remote areas, monitoring lion movement in relation to livestock herds & settlements, warning and guiding the farming communities in the conflict hot-spots, as well as gathering reliable information on retaliatory killing of predators, by poison especially; bush meat poaching has increased since COVID-19 put many out of work, with the Lion Ranger Programme proving to be a most valuable community support system and wildlife protection activity. 

Our Lion Guards, are dedicated to protecting the lion as well as mitigating farmer-lion conflict in Namibia’s north-west. The Namibian Lion Trust Lion Guard and the Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Tourism Lion Ranger Programmes collaborate daily, deploying several teams comprising a combination of Lion Rangers & Lion Guards each representing his or her Conservancy; they are active in areas where farmer-lion conflict is rife, providing increased protection for the lion, simultaneously supporting the farmers who share habitat with wildlife. Foot patrols into remote areas effectively monitor illegal activities such as bush-meat poaching and wildlife crime. Ranger Training Programmes are aimed at uplifting morale and improving expertise, increasing the efficacy of the Lion Guard / Lion Ranger Programmes by encouraging and supporting long-term co-existence. 

5. Livestock Protection Mobile ‘Bomas’: shade-cloth for 4 mobile ‘bomas’ have been purchased, proved to be a valuable protection method when in the field, will be allocated once farmers are forced to move their livestock away from their homesteads where stationary ‘bomas’ protect the herds at night. Good rains fell in most parts during January – April 2022, breaking the 9-year drought, with little need to graze and to spend the night further afield at this point. 

The Lion Guards assist in locating within the study area, the lion to be fitted with GPS-Satellite tracking collars that provide invaluable data at 2-hourly intervals (the intervals may be set according to need); - monitor the whereabouts of both collared and uncollared lion in order to establish movement patterns and, together with the data retrieved from the widely dispersed trail cameras within their area and lion-sightings by community members, the Lion Guards are able to forewarn farmers who live in conflict zones (‘hot-spots’); - when the Early-Warning System (EWS) detects lion movement or when an incident is reported, the Lion Guards (who form the Rapid Response Unit) move out to support the affected farmer or community as well as to protect the lion; - their night- and / or day-time patrols contribute to the protection of both the livestock and the villagers; - the collection and evaluation of valuable information on lion whereabouts, livestock management as well as lion and livestock mortalities, provides for reliable reporting and assessment. The Lion Guards contribute towards greater understanding and acceptance of wildlife. This takes time and patience, with many hours spent ‘under-tree’, meeting with farmers and traditional leaders to discuss workable solutions. By providing guidance and encouragement, they help the farming community to adopt our Livestock Protection Programme, which includes employing herdsmen and protecting their livestock at night. Last but not least, Lion Guards identify communities in need of our support and livestock protection ‘bomas’. Together with the Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Tourism (MEFT) and the Department of Veterinary Services staff, they patrol & repair Protected Area fence-breaks, also reporting on poaching and other illegal activities. 

The work of a Lion Guard is never done: a change of heart & mind-set, attitudes and behaviour, especially ‘modernizing’ age-old farming practices, takes time, determination and steadfastness... but will bring us all one step closer to co-existence between man and lion. 

Cultivating greater tolerance and appreciation of Namibia’s wildlife amongst the younger generation will determine what world we leave behind for the next generation, and what that generation we leave behind for the world... 

We thank GlobalGiving & the Kevin Richardson Foundation for their tireless devotion to all things ‘wild’ – their enthusiastic support of Namibian Lion Trust keeps us ‘out there’, doing what we do best. 

Yours in Conservation 

Tammy Hoth-Hanssen 

GlobalGiving Donation: GPS-Sat Collar monitoring Lion ID Npl-27, Lion Guard Salaries & Food Parcels 

Thanks to the generous GlobalGiving donation to the Kevin Richardson Foundation July 2021, we continue to: 

1.  to physically monitor the male lion Npl-27 (this includes vehicle patrols), 
2.  pay salaries to Lion Guards and the Office Administrator, as well as 
3.  provide food parcels to the Lion Guards in the field. 

1. Monitoring Lion, ID # Npl-27: this includes vehicle patrols, fuel                               

On 27 August 2021, we successfully fitted a new GPS-Satellite collar to Npl-27, a male in his prime at approx. 7-8 years of age. His approx. 560 km² range includes the Otjijapa / Okavariona Springs, within the safety of an Exclusive Wildlife Zone. Location fixes from the GPS-Satellite collar indicate that at times, when following antelope herds, Npl-27 and his pride move into adjacent livestock farming areas. Our Lion Guard Teams increase patrols in the immediate area to mitigate lion-farmer conflict. After nine years of drought, the first good rains fell in this area during February 2022. 

2. Supporting Lion Guard Wages & providing Food Parcels:

2.1. Uezekandavi Nguezeeta:

Fondly known as Kandavi, joined the Namibian Lion Trust as a Lion Guard in 2015. He patrols an area of approx. 80 km², adjacent to the Hobatere Concession, an extension to the west of the Etosha National Park. Mostly on foot, Kandavii covers vast areas of inhospitable terrain, mitigating conflict between livestock farmers, lion, and other large carnivores. His determination to protect Conservancy wildlife, especially the Hobatere lions when they follow the Hartmann’s Zebra herds out of the safety of the Park onto neighbouring farmland, is commendable. Kandavi has watched the Hobatere lioness named Ai, raise two sets of cubs; she recently shifted her home range onto communal farmland adjacent to this Protected Area, making his commitment to protecting her & her offspring from farmer retaliation, more challenging. 

2.2. Rinoveni Tjauira: 

Joined our team in 2019 and is proud of his role as Lion Guard in the Omatendeka Conservancy, one of the most pro-active in lion conservation. Despite high livestock losses to predation, his Conservancy believes in the protection of all wildlife, also conflict species such as elephant and predators. His dedication to protecting lions from persecution became clear when he helped weigh a male lion during a collaring exercise. “Touching that sleeping lion changed the way I see them today”. Renoveni never misses an opportunity to patrol his area, diligently completing his monitoring and data collection forms.  Renoveni is well-liked by his peers and has shown great leadership potential during Lion Guard Training Courses. 

2.3. Jackson Kavetu: “I love to see the lion cubs in our Conservancy, as this shows me that our lions are healthy” – NLT senior Lion Guard, Jackson Kavetu.

Jackson became a Conservancy Game Guard when he was a young man and has been a dedicated lion conservationist ever since. He joined the Namibian Lion Trust in 2012. As a First Responder when calls for support come in from the field, his passion for wildlife protection motivates him to do all he can, to minimize conflict between farmers and carnivores. Married, with three school-going children, Jackson farms goats on communal land close to Etosha’s border. His successful livestock protection methods are testimony to the efficacy of the Namibian Lion Trust’s practical, workable systems.  

2.4. Naphtalie Awarab:

As a child, Naphtalie remembers the challenges of farming livestock in areas where wildlife such as lion and elephant roam. His family’s cattle, goats & donkeys fell prey to predators that leave the Etosha National Park. Naphtalie’s knowledge of the natural world gained as a young herdsman, is an asset to the Namibian Lion Trust as is his passion for mechanics and brickwork. He has three children, the youngest is Ivan, who is in grade 5 and hopes to become a pilot once he completes his schooling.

Our Lion Guards, are dedicated to protecting the lion as well as mitigating farmer-lion conflict in Namibia’s north-west (Kunene Region).                

The Lion Guards: 

- assist in locating within the study area, the lion to be fitted with GPS-Satellite tracking collars that provide invaluable data at 2-hourly intervals (the intervals may be set according to need);

- monitor the whereabouts of both collared and uncollared lion in order to establish movement patterns and, together with the data retrieved from the widely dispersed trail cameras within their area and lion-sightings by community members, the Lion Guards are able to forewarn farmers who live in conflict zones (‘hot-spots’);

- when the Early-Warning System (EWS) detects lion movement or when an incident is reported, the Lion Guards (who form the Rapid Response Unit) move out to support the affected farmer or community as well as to protect the lion;  

- their night- and / or day-time patrols contribute to the protection of both the livestock and the villagers;  

- the collection and evaluation of valuable information on lion whereabouts, livestock management as well as lion and livestock mortalities, provides for reliable reporting and assessment.

The Lion Guards contribute towards greater understanding and acceptance of wildlife. This takes time and patience, with many hours spent ‘under-tree’, meeting with farmers and traditional leaders to discuss workable solutions. By providing guidance and encouragement, they help the farming community to adopt our Livestock Protection Programme, which includes employing herdsmen and protecting their livestock at night. Last but not least, Lion Guards identify communities in need of our support and livestock protection ‘bomas’. Together with the Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Tourism (MEFT) and the Department of Veterinary Services staff, they patrol & repair Protected Area fence-breaks, also reporting on poaching and other illegal activities. 

The work of a Lion Guard is never done: a change of heart & mind-set, attitudes and behaviour, especially ‘modernizing’ age-old farming practices, takes time, determination and steadfastness... but will bring us all one step closer to co-existence between man and lion. 

Cultivating greater tolerance and appreciation of Namibia’s wildlife amongst the younger generation will determine what world we leave behind for the next generation, and what that generation we leave behind for the world…

We thank GlobalGiving & the Kevin Richardson Foundation for their tireless devotion to all things ‘wild’ – their enthusiastic support of Namibian Lion Trust keeps us ‘out there’, doing what we do best.

Yours in Conservation

Tammy Hoth-Hanssen

We are so incredibly grateful for the individuals who have generously donated to this project. Human-wildlife conflict is an extremely sensitive and complicated issue and every little bit helps in making progress towards improving the problem.

In this report, we would like to share one of the training courses for the Lion Guards that your donations helped to bring about:

"With this training course, the Lion Guards of the Namibian Lion Trust made their first step into the field of wildlife protection law enforcement – and into the improvement of their personal safety on duty”, says Marco Grunert, “Coach Marco”, Director and Chief Instructor of Security Experts CC. Security Experts, established in 1996, is specialized in high-quality security services and security training services, extending into the field of wildlife protection (“Anti-Poaching”).

In 14 training days, Coach Marco gave the ten Lion Guards an introduction and basic know-how in the following subjects:
a) Wildlife protection laws of Namibia
b) Criminal law and self-defence laws
c) Tracking & criminal investigation
d) Conflict management, including conflict avoidance, de-escalation tactics and “verbal self-defence” tactics
e) Escape and self-defence tactics and techniques
f) Trauma first aid

These subjects provided the Lion Guards with well-rounded and effective skills on law enforcement work for wildlife protection. Some of the training included the following aspects: 

An introduction into law enforcement work for wildlife protection took place in the form of how to interpret vehicle and human tracks. This would help in localizing and identifying offenders. As wildlife protection ("anti-poaching") is security work / law enforcement, knowledge of the relevant laws was also a crucial part of the training to ensure the Lion Guards would be working in a legally secure manner. 

Closely related to wildlife protection / law enforcement is the ability of the wildlife rangers to control conflict with suspects or emotionally charged farmers in such a way that an escalation is avoided. This was a necessary part of the training that included preparation for extreme cases of threats or attacks. As part of the applied health & safety training, the lion guards were trained in escape and self-defense tactics and techniques.

Another important aspect of the health & safety training was the stoppage of heavy bleeding as part of trauma first aid. This can be lifesaving when working with dangerous wild animals, such as lions, as well as if confronted with criminal attacks or in the case of vehicle accidents.

The training courses, divided into two groups, took place under the ideal conditions of the Ondjou Wilderness Reserve and the SurvivalZone Wilderness Academy. Theoretical lessons in the fully equipped classroom were combined with practical training in the wild African bush. Every morning at sunrise, the day began with fitness training, which not only increased the fitness of the participants, but also gave them a boost in motivation to continue working on their fitness after the course - a necessity for their kind of work. 

Due to the excellent team spirit and the high motivation of the participating rangers, they were all able to overcome the high hurdles of the course and each proudly received the course certificates from the chief instructor once it was over. 

In the individual evaluations of the participants, the high demands as well as the high value of the training for their qualification and their health & safety, were emphasized. Thanks was given to the management of the Namibian Lion Trust for making this training course possible. In his final speech, chief instructor Marco Grunert not only welcomed the endurance and motivation of the teams, but also expressed his expectations of the participants to use the knowledge and skills gained in the service whenever possible and to keep it present in any possible way.

The need for further in-depth and advanced training courses was particularly emphasized by everyone, including all participants, the instructor, and Tammy Hoth, director of the Namibian Lion Trust.

Thank you for making something like this possible. We are so excited to share the next report with you and continue to show how your donations have made a difference!